Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum. Cancer in the large intestine is referred to as colon cancer, while cancer in the rectum, the end part of the colon, is called rectal cancer. Bowel cancer develops from the uncontrolled multiplication of cells that cover the inner lining of the intestine. Often, bowel cancers develop from polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths of tissues. Although bowel cancer can affect people of all ages, it is more common in individuals aged 60 years and above.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing bowel cancer. These include:
Age: The risk increases for individuals over 60 years.
Diet: A high-fat diet is linked to a higher risk.
Lifestyle: Alcohol consumption, smoking, and obesity are significant risk factors.
Family History: A history of colon cancer in the family increases the likelihood of developing the disease.
Polyps: The presence of polyps in the intestine can elevate the risk of bowel cancer.

Symptoms

In the early stages, bowel cancer often does not cause pain. However, the following symptoms may indicate the presence of colon cancer:
Blood in the stools
Changes in bowel habits, such as thin stools, diarrhea, and constipation
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Abdominal pain

Diagnosis

Diagnosing bowel cancer involves evaluating symptoms, medical history, and several diagnostic procedures:
Colonoscopy: This procedure inspects the inside of the entire colon using a colonoscope, a flexible tube with a tiny camera.
Sigmoidoscopy: This test examines the inside of the large bowel and the rectum.
Barium Enema: A barium-containing fluid is administered into the bowel through the rectum, and X-ray images are captured to view the inside of the bowel.

If bowel cancer is confirmed, staging is performed to detect the size, location, and stage of the cancer. This involves ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen, chest X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the bowel, and complete blood count. A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) may also be performed to detect small amounts of blood in the feces, though it is not a definitive diagnostic tool for colon cancer.

Treatment Options

The treatment for bowel cancer depends on the size, location, and stage of the cancer. The severity of bowel cancer ranges from stage 0 (early stage, restricted to a specific area) to stage 4 (advanced stage, spread to other parts of the body). Bowel cancer may be treated using chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or surgery.

Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy:These treatments use anti-cancerous medications or radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. They can be used alone or in combination with surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells and prevent further spreading.
Surgery: The most common treatment for bowel cancer is surgery. A colectomy, which is the surgical resection of all or part of the large intestine, is often performed. This surgery can be done through open surgery or laparoscopic methods.

Types of Colectomy

Open Colectomy: In this technique, a single large incision of about 6 inches is made in the lower abdominal wall. The diseased part of the colon is removed, and the healthy ends are sutured. If no healthy large intestine is left, a stoma (an opening) is created through the skin of the abdominal wall. The open end of the large intestine is stitched to the skin of the outer wall of the abdomen, allowing wastes to pass through the opening into a bag attached outside the body. This procedure is known as a colostomy.
Laparoscopic Colectomy: This is a minimally invasive technique where several small incisions are made rather than one large incision. Three to five small incisions are made on the lower abdomen. A laparoscope, a telescopic video camera, is inserted through one incision to visualize the inside of the abdomen. Small surgical instruments are passed through the other incisions, and the colon is removed through another incision. Gas is used to expand the lower abdomen for easier access. The diseased part of the colon is extracted, and the healthy ends are reattached. All incisions are then closed with sutures. As with any surgery, colectomy procedures are associated with potential complications such as infections, bleeding, and damage to nearby organs.

Prevention

Preventing bowel cancer involves several lifestyle and dietary changes. High-fiber diets and vitamins, avoiding smoking and alcohol, managing obesity, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of bowel cancer.
Regular Screenings: Regular screenings, especially for individuals over 60 or those with a family history of colon cancer, can help detect polyps and early-stage cancer, making treatment more effective.
Healthy Diet: Consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while reducing red and processed meats can lower the risk of bowel cancer.
Exercise: Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces cancer risk.
Avoiding Tobacco and Limiting Alcohol: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake are crucial preventive measures.
Monitoring Symptoms: Being aware of the symptoms and seeking medical advice if they occur can lead to early diagnosis and better outcomes.

Conclusion

Bowel cancer, although serious, can be effectively managed and treated, especially when detected early. Dr. BharatKumar Chaudhary and his team are dedicated to providing comprehensive care, from diagnosis through treatment and post-surgery recovery. By understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options, patients can take proactive steps to manage their health and reduce the risk of bowel cancer. Regular screenings, a healthy lifestyle, and timely medical intervention are key to successful treatment and recovery.